爱德华·蒙克

主要经历

早年经历

1863年12月12日，爱德华·蒙克出生于挪威雷登在奥斯陆长大。爱德华·蒙克的父亲患有精神病，他向他的孩子们灌输了对地狱的根深蒂固的恐惧，他一再告诉他们，如果他们在任何情况下、以任何方式犯有罪孽，他们就会注定被投入地狱，没有任何宽恕的机会。1879年 ，爱德华·蒙克为成为一名工程师而进工学院念书，受印象主义画风的影响，然而，频繁的患病中断了他的学业。

1880年，爱德华·蒙克为了成为一名画家而离开工学院。

1881年，爱德华·蒙克考进了奥斯陆皇家艺术和设计学院，他的老师是雕刻家朱利厄斯·米德尔顿和自然主义画家克里斯蒂安·克罗格。

1885年，爱德华·蒙克前往巴黎。他的作品开始显示出法国画家的影响；一开始是印象派，接着是后印象派，然後是新艺术造型。爱德华·蒙克的绘画尽管风格上是后期印象派的，但在主题上却是象征派的，爱德华·蒙克的绘画内容在于刻画内心世界而不是外在现实。

中年经历

1889年改用传统的画法创作《病孩》和变体画《春》，从而获得奖学金去法国留学，从师L.博纳。在法国，他在研究印象主义画法的基础上，转而对后印象主义和纳比派发生兴趣。他发现线条和色彩有强烈的表现力，试图用它们画出活生生的人们，他们的呼吸、感觉、受苦受难并彼此的相爱。

1892年 爱德华·蒙克应邀参加柏林艺术家联盟在11月份举行的画展。爱德华·蒙克的绘画成了苦涩的争论对象，画展在一星期后结束。在柏林，爱德华·蒙克成了一个国际圈子里的一员，里面有作家、艺术家和评论家，包括挪威剧作家亨利·易卜生和瑞典戏剧家奥古斯特·史特林堡。爱德华·蒙克为易卜生的几个剧本设计了布景。

1893年12月，爱德华·蒙克在柏林著名的菩提树下大街开画展。和其它作品一起，爱德华·蒙克出展了题为“爱的研究系列”，由六幅画所组成。这是他此后命名为“生命的饰带 以 生命、爱情和死亡的诗”组画的起点。它包括深深地沉浸于大气的主题《风暴》《月光》和《星夜》。其它主题有揭示爱的阴暗面的，比如《玫瑰与阿美莉》和《吸血鬼》。《病室里的死亡》则以死亡为主题，基于爱德华·蒙克对姐姐苏菲之死的回忆。

1894年，“生命的饰带”加进了《焦躁》《灰烬》《圣母》和《女人三阶段》作品集。在世纪之交之际，爱德华·蒙克完成了他的“生命的饰带”组画系列。

晚年经历

1908年秋，他的焦虑变得深刻并在丹尼尔·贾可布逊博士的诊所住院接受治疗。医院里施行的休克疗法改变了他的个性。

1909年爱德华·蒙克回到挪威，更多地表现出对大自然的兴趣，他的作品变得更富于色彩，减少了悲观的成分。在纳粹统治期间，爱德华·蒙克的作品被贴上了“颓废艺术”的标签，从德国的各个美术馆撤了下来。反纳粹主义的爱德华·蒙克来说是很伤心的，因为他把德国看作为他的第二祖国。

1944年1月23日，爱德华·蒙克于奥斯陆附近的艾可利与世长辞。他向奥斯陆捐赠了1000幅油画，15400张版画，4500件素描和水彩画，还有6件雕刻作品。后来为纪念爱德华·蒙克，建造了爱德华·蒙克美术馆。

主要作品

作品名 年份

?vre Foss

1880

Small Lake with Boat

1880

Horse and Wagon in front of Farm Buildings

1880

Autumn Work in the Field

1880

Landscape with Woman Walking by a Lake

1880

Landscape with Trees and Water

1880

Autumn in the Forest

1880

Horse and Cart on a Country Road

1880

Still Life with Pipe and Bibles

1880

View from Fossveien

1880-81

View from Fossveien

1881

Winter Landscape with House and Red Sky

1881

Potted Plant on the Window-Sill

1881-82

Potted Plant

1881-82

The Living-Room of the Misses Munch in Pilestredet 61

1881

From Vestre Aker

1881

Hakloa in Maridalen

1881

Maridalsveien in Nydalen

1881

Houses in Maridalen

1881

From Maridalen

1881

Akerselva

1881

Landscape with Woman and Child

1881

Landscape with a Small House and Two People

1881

Landscape with Lake and Forest

1881

From Bunnefjorden

1881

From Sandvika

1881

Man Rowing towards Land

1881

Bay with Boat and House

1881

Man and Woman in Boat

1881

Fisherman by the Water

1881

Christian Munch on the Couch

1881

Christian Munch on the Couch

1881

Study of a Landscape

1881

View of Grüners Garden

1881

Gamle Aker Church

1881-82

Gamle Aker Church

1881

Gamle Aker Church

1881

Gamle Aker Church

1881

View from Fossveien 7 towards Bergfjerdingen

1881

People on the Road in Wet Snow

1881

Goblin with Christmas Porridge

1881

Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut

1881

?vre Foss in Winter

1881-82

Boy in Snow

1881-82

View of the City on a Winters Day

1882

Self-Portrait

1882

Laura Munch

1882

Laura Munch

1882

Olaf Ryes Square towards South East

1882

View across Olaf Ryes Square

1882

Olaf Ryes Square towards South East

1882

Landscape with Waterfall and House

1882

Evening Atmosphere at Sea

1882

Landscape with a Small Waterfall

1882

Spring Landscape

1882

Stream in Spring

1882

Karen Bj?lstad

1882-83

Mans Head with Beard

1882-83

The Errand Boy

1882-84

Garden with Red House

1882

Garden with Red House

1882

By the Garden Table

1882

Akerselva by Sl?motgangen

1882

Inger by the Window

1882

Akerselva by Nedre Foss

1882

Akerselva

1882

Birch Trees with Woman Walking

1882

Birch Trees in the Autumn

1882

From Vestre Aker

1882

Birch Trees and Man Carrying Twigs

1882

Autumn in Vestre Aker

1882

Woman on a Country Lane

1882

Two Boys on a Country Lane

1882

Thorvald Torgersen

1882

Thorvald Torgersen

1882

Head of a Boy

1882

Andreas Reading

1882

Andreas Reading

1882

Andreas Reading

1882

Self-Portrait

1882

Drive at Vaterland

1882

From Saxeg?rdsgate

1882

Laura Munch

1883

Otto Linthoe

1883

Study of a Mans Head

1883

Study of an Old Mans Head

1883

Head of an Old Man with Beard

1883

Study of an Old Mans Head

1883

Afternoon at Olaf Ryes Square

1883

Street Corner on Karl Johan, Grand Café

1883

Christian Munch on the Couch

1883

Landscape from Asker

1883

Autumn in Asker

1883

Andreas by the Window

1883

Andreas Reading

1883

The Dome of Trinity Church

1883

Study of a Head

1883

Early in the Morning

1883

Andreas Singdahlsen

1883

Hjalmar Borgstr?m

1883

Portrait of a Woman

1883

Karen Bj?lstad in the Rocking Chair

1883

Around the Paraffin Lamp

1883

At the Coffee Table

1883

At Supper

1883

The Infirmary at Helgelandsmoen

1884

Fence in the Forest

1884

Two People on the Way to the Forest

1884

Morning

1884

Christian Munch

1884

Portrait Studies

1884

Inger Munch in Black

1884

Street in Winter

1885

Ball

1885

Tête-à-tête

1885

Karl Johan

1885

Girls Head

1885

Dagny Konow

1885

Study of an Old Mans Head

1885

Fredrik Lidemark

1885

Karl Jensen-Hjell

1885

Klemens Stang

1885

Christian Munch with Pipe

1885

Karen Bj?lstad

1885

J?rgen S?rensen

1885

Andreas Munch

1885

Cabaret

1885

The Sickroom

1885

The Sick Child

1885

Red-Haired Girl with White Rat

1886

Girl at the Piano

1886

Self-Portrait

1886

Andreas Munch Studying Anatomy

1886

Afternoon Nap

1886

Boat with Three Boys

1886

Man on the Veranda

1886

From His?ya near Arendal

1886

Woman and Children in Arendal

1886

Thorvald Torgersen

1886

Puberty

1886

The Day After

1886

Seated Young Girl

1887

Betzy Nilsen

1887

Halvard Stub Holmboe

1887

Jacob Torkildsen

1887

Forest Landscape with Small Lake

1887

Veierland near T?nsberg

1887

Two Men by the Window

1887

Law

1887

Kristiania Bohemians

1887

Self-Portrait

1888

Marius Selmer

1888

Bendix Lange

1888

Beach

1888

The T?nsberg Fjord

1888

On the Pier

1888

Man Binding Fishnet

1888

Karen Bj?lstad

1888

Evening

1888

Summer Day on the Pier

1888

Laura and Inger in the Summer Sun

1888

Evening

1888

Inger in Sunshine

1888

At the General Store in Vrengen

1888

Andreas Bj?lstad

1888

Aasta Carlsen

1888

Man Standing in the Doorway

1889

Karl D?rnberger

1889

Charlotte D?rnberger

1889

Georg Stang

1889

John Hazeland on his Deathbed

1889

Spring

1889

Hans J?ger

1889

From Karl Johan

1889

Music on Karl Johan

1889

Beach Landscape from?sg?rdstrand

1889

Beach

1889

From ?sg?rdstrand

1889

Beach Landscape

1889

Shore

1889

Summer Night. Inger on the Beach

1889

Summer Evening

1889

Summer

1889

Summer in ?sg?rdstrand

1889

Morten Dammes House near ?sgardstrand

1889

Standing Female Nude

1889

A French Tavern (Two Men and a Woman)

1890

The Canal near Paris (with a Small Streamboat)

1890

A Woman (in Half-figure) with Landscape (Returned from Victoria terrasse)

1890

A Small Beach Study

1890

Night in Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud

1890

At the Wine Merchants

1890

In the Bar

1890

In the Café

1890

Norwegian Spring Landscape

1890

Landscape

1890

The Streamboat Arrives

1890

Beach

1890

Spring Day on Karl Johan

1890

Sunny Day in ?sg?rdstrand

1890

Garden Path

1890

Woman in Evening Landscape

1890

Landscape

1890

View from Hauketo

1890

View from Hauketo

1890

Landscape

1890

The Absinth Drinkers

1890

Two Children

1890

Under the Palm Trees in Nice

1891

Afternoon on the Promenade des Anglais

1891

Morning on the Promenade des Anglais

1891

Sunny Day in Nice

1891

Rooftops in Nice

1891

Night in Nice

1891

Fisherboy from Nice

1891

Boys Head

1891

Young Woman in Blue

1891

Young Woman in Blue

1891

Model Scratching her Arm

1891

Rue Lafayette

1891

Rue de Rivoli

1891

Sunday in ?sgardstrand

1891

Young Blond Girl

1891

Summer Evening in ?sgardstrand

1891

In Open Air

1891

Summer

1891

Eroticism on a Summer Evening

1891

Karl Johan in the Rain

1891

Evening. Melancholy

1891

Woman in Blue against Blue Water

1891

Old Fisherman

1891

Pine Forest

1891

Summer Day in the Forest

1891

Forest Landscape

1891

From Nordstrand

1891

Landscape in Moonlight

1891

Woman by the Balustrade

1891

Inger in a White Blouse

1891

no:Jappe Nilssen

1891

Arve Arvesen

1891

Gunnar Heiberg

1891

Helge Rode

1891

Olga Buhre

1891

Alexandra Thaulow

1891

Kiss by the Window

1891

The Day After

1891

Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway

1892

Childhood Memory

1892

Gamblers in Monte Carlo

1892

Gamblers in Monte Carlo

1892

At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo

1892

Sick Mood at Sunset. Despair

1892

Cypress in Moonlight

1892

Kiss by the Window

1892

The Kiss

1892

The Girl by the Window

1892

Woman Combing her Hair

1892

Woman Looking in the Mirror

1892

After the Bath

1892

From the Riviera

1892

From the Riviera

1892

Moonlight by the Mediterranean

1892

A Pine

1892

Trees by the Mediterranean

1892

From the Riviera

1892

Men Flocking round Women in Light Clothing

1892

Forest

1892

Moonlight on the Beach

1892

Mystery on the Shore

1892

Mystery on the Shore

1892

Two Human Beings. The Lonely Ones

1892

Melancholy

1892

Night in Saint-Cloud

1892

Night in Saint-Cloud

1892-93

Night in Saint-Cloud

1892

Vision

1892

The Water Lillies

1892-93

Evening on Karl Johan

1892

From Nordstrand

1892

On the Veranda

1892

Inger by the Window

1892

Inger in Black and Violet

1892

Seated Young Woman

1892

Autumn Rain

1892

Jakob Bratland

1892

Ludvig Meyer

1892

Thor Lütken

1892

Ragnhild andDagny Juel

1892-93

August Strindberg

1892

Night in Saint-Cloud

1893

The Girl by the Window

1893

Study of a Model

1893

Separation

1893

Woman with Red Hat

1893-94

Symbolic Study

1893-94

Portrait of a Man

1893-94

Womans head against a red Background

1893-94

Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman

1893

Seated Nude and Grotesque Masque

1893

Sunrise in the Harbour

1893-94

Rosa and Amelie

1893

Sunrise in ?sg?rdstrand

1893-94

Summer Night

1893

Melancholy

1893

Death at the Helm

1893

Summer Night. Mermaid

1893

Summer Nights Dream. The Voice

1893

Starry Night

1893

Starry Night

1893

Moonlight

1893

House in Moonlight

1893-95

The Storm

1893

Death and Spring

1893

The Angel of Death

1893

By the Deathbed. Fever

1893

Death in the Sickroom

1893

Death in the Sickroom

1893

Death in the Sickroom

1893

Vampire

1893

The Scream

1893

The Scream

1893

Vampire

1893

Vampire

1893

The Hands

1893-94

Dagny Juel Przybyszewska

1893

Helge B?ckstr?m

1893

Minchen Torkildsen

1893

Ragnhild B?kstr?m

1894

Botho Graf Schwerin

1894

Ebehard von Bodenhausen

1894

Julius Meier-Graefe

1894

Separation

1894

Death and Life

1894

Puberty

1894

Puberty

1894-95

The Day After

1894

Vampire

1894

Selma Fontheim

1894

Selma Fontheim

1894

Nora Mengelberg

1894

Ludvig Meyers Children

1894

Stanislaw Przybyszewski

1894

Inger in a Red Dress

1894

Bathing Women

1894

Bathers

1894

Bathing Boys

1894

Melancholy

1894

Melancholy

1894-96

Woman. Sphinx

1894

Woman

1894

Anxiety

1894

Despair

1894

Madonna

1894

Madonna

1894-95

Madonna

1895

Madonna

1895-97

Madonna

1895-97

Berlin Model

1895

Cabaret

1895

The Scream

1895

Vampire

1895

The Smell of Death

1895

The Smell of Death

1895

At the Deathbed

1895

Vampire

1895

Ashes

1895

Jealousy

1895

Beach in ?sg?rdstrand

1895

Moonlight

1895

Self-Portrait with Cigarette

1895

Stanislaw Przybyszewski

1895

Oscar and Ingeborg Heiberg

1895-96

Half-Nude in a Black Skirt

1896

Study of a Nude

1896

Young Woman Washing herself

1896

Seated Nude against a Red Background

1896

Seated Nude with her Back Turned

1896

The Mermaid

1896

Summer Landscape

1896

The Sick Child

1896

Separation

1896

Summer Night. The Voice

1896

The Girl by the Window

1896-97

Bathing Woman

1896-97

The Kiss

1896-97

Women in a Swimming Pool

1896-97

Paul Herrmann and Paul Contard

1897

The Kiss

1897

The Kiss

1897

Inheritance

1897-99

Women in Hospital

1897

Mother and Daughter

1897-99

Two Women in a Landscape

1897-99

Old Man with a Beard

1897-99

Brothel Scene

1897-99

Hospital Ward

1897-99

Bathing Boys

1897-98

Bathing Boys

1897-99

Bathing Girls

1897-99

Bathing Children

1897-99

Bathing Boys

1897-99

Autumn

1897-98

Marie Helene Holmboe

1898

Female Portrait

1898-99

Dark-Haired Man and Red-Haired Woman

1898-99

Holger Drachmann

1898

Henrik Ibsenat theGrand Café

1898

Study of a Model

1898

Half-Nude in a Blue Skirt

1898

Nude

1898

Nude

1898

Two Women. Symbolic Study

1898

Sitting Nude by the Beach

1898

Man and Woman

1898

Nude in Profile towards the Right

1898

Metabolism

1898-99

Tulla Larsen

1898-99

Tulla Larsen

1898-99

Father and Son

1898

Seated Nude and Three Male Heads

1898-99

Tragedy

1898

Jealousy in the Bath

1898

Beach

1898

The Rainbow

1898

Woman by the Sea in ?sgardstrand

1898

House with Red Virginia Creeper

1898-99

House with Red Virginia Creeper

1898-99

Red Virginia Creeper

1898-1900

The Son

1904

The Coffin is Carried Out

1898-1900

Boulevard in Paris

1898-1900

Winter

1899-1900

Winter in the Woods, Nordstrand

1899

Death and the Child

1899

Death and the Child

1899

Landscape

1899

The Garden

1899

Munchs House and Studio in ?sgardstrand

1899

Munchs House in ?sg?rdstrand

1899

Dark Spruce Forest

1899

贡献影响

历史发展

在当时哲学和美学思潮影响下，他努力发掘人类心灵中的各种状况，表现疾病、死亡、绝望、情爱等主题。因此，他的创作有“心灵的现实主义”的称号。由于受到保守势力的攻击，很快被封闭，但对德国青年画家以很大的刺激，推动了表现主义运动的产生。

思想传播

爱德华·蒙克通过主题来表现他切身经历的对生存和死亡的感受。每一幅画都无与伦比地强烈地传达着画家的感觉和情绪，被描绘的具体对象的细节被简化，而情绪则被夸张，对象本身成为一种所要表现的情绪的载体，虽然它们依然还是具象的。这些画具有永恒的震慑心灵的力量。在这一切的背後，我们还可以看见那个“世纪末”的景象，那种迷途的欲望深渊和无法逃脱的死亡阴影的怪圈，生命的焦躁和无奈交织在一起。爱德华·蒙克作品的惊人表现力量来自于对艺术家内心世界的不加掩饰的忠实表达，爱德华·蒙克的画是用整个心灵来创作的。

人物评价

爱德华·蒙克的作品笔触大胆奔放、色彩艳丽丰富，但却给人强烈的刺激感，充满着紧张不安、压抑悲伤的情绪。爱德华·蒙克所描绘的世界是人类复杂的精神世界，他刻意表现死亡、忧郁和孤独，描写上世纪末的艺术家在充满矛盾与痛苦的现实中，其孤独的心灵对人生产生的怀疑和焦虑。

艺术史家称爱德华·蒙克为“世纪末”的艺术家，因为他的作品反映了欧洲整整一代人的精神生活面貌。在爱德华·蒙克生活的时代，再没有别的艺术能够像他那样深入到人的灵魂之中，把那心灵的美与丑一并展现给世人。也没有人敢于像他那样赤裸裸地描写人类本能的丑恶，使善良与罪恶并存，让美丽与丑陋共生。